What is "utilitarianism" in ethical decision-making?

Utilitarianism is a consequentialist ethical theory that advocates for actions that produce the greatest overall happiness or utility for the greatest number of people. The core principle of utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome, specifically whether it enhances well-being and minimizes suffering. This focus on maximizing overall happiness means that, in decision-making, the consequences of actions are the primary concern, allowing for a clear framework to analyze the ethical implications of various choices.

In contrast to the other theories, which emphasize different aspects of morality, utilitarianism distinctly prioritizes results rather than intentions, rights, or strict adherence to established norms. The emphasis on collective outcomes is what sets utilitarianism apart as it seeks to evaluate actions through a lens of general welfare rather than individual circumstances or fixed rules. This approach provides a practical and pragmatic method for ethical decision-making, particularly in situations where complex moral dilemmas arise.